Malnutrition and Infection: Complex Mechanisms and Global Impacts

نویسندگان

  • Ulrich E Schaible
  • Stefan H. E Kaufmann
چکیده

References1. Moret Y, Schmid-Hempel P (2000) Survivalfor immunity: The price of immune systemactivation for bumblebee workers. Science 290:1166–1168.2. Scrimshaw NS, SanGiovanni JP (1997)Synergism of nutrition, infection, andimmunity: An overview. Am J Clin Nutr 66:464S–477S.3. Ambrus JL Sr, Ambrus JL Jr (2004) Nutritionand infectious diseases in developing countriesand problems of acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229:464–472.4. Woodward B (1998) Protein, calories, andimmune defenses. Nutr Rev 56: S84–S92.5. World Health Organization (2005) Nutrition:Challenges. Available: http://www.who.int/nutrition/challenges. Accessed 29 March 2007.6. Savino W (2002) The thymus gland is a targetin malnutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 56 (Suppl 3):S46–S49.7. Beisel WR (1996) Nutrition in pediatricHIV infection: Setting the research agenda.Nutrition and immune function: Overview. JNutr 126: 2611S–2615S.8. Field CJ, Johnson IR, Schley PD (2002)Nutrients and their role in host resistance toinfection. J Leukoc Biol 71: 16–32.9. Cegielski JP, McMurray DN (2004) Therelationship between malnutrition andtuberculosis: Evidence from studies in humansand experimental animals. Int J Tuberc LungDis 8: 286–298.10. Enwonwu CO, Falkler WA Jr, Phillips RS(2006) Noma (cancrum oris). Lancet 368:147–156.11. Stephensen CB (1999) Burden of infection ongrowth failure. J Nutr 129: 534S–538S.12. Villamor E, Saathoff E, Mugusi F, BoschRJ, Urassa W, et al. (2006) Wasting andbody composition of adults with pulmonarytuberculosis in relation to HIV-1 coinfection,socioeconomic status, and severity oftuberculosis. Eur J Clin Nutr 60: 163–171.13. Scrimshaw NS, Taylor CE, Gordon JE (1968)Interactions of nutrition and infection. MonogrSer World Health Organ 57: 3–329.14. Bronte V, Zanovello P (2005) Regulation ofimmune responses by L-arginine metabolism.Nat Rev Immunol 5: 641–654.15. Kurpad AV (2006) The requirements ofprotein & amino acid during acute & chronicinfections. Indian J Med Res 124: 129–148.16. Phillips RS, Enwonwu CO, Okolo S, Hassan A(2004) Metabolic effects of acute measles inchronically malnourished Nigerian children. JNutr Biochem 15: 281–288.17. Schneider SM, Veyres P, Pivot X, SoummerAM, Jambou P, et al. (2004) Malnutrition is anindependent factor associated with nosocomialinfections. Br J Nutr 92: 105–111.18. Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blossner M, BlackRE (2004) Undernutrition as an underlyingcause of child deaths associated with diarrhea,pneumonia, malaria, and measles. Am J ClinNutr 80: 193–198.19. Abe M, Akbar F, Matsuura B, Horiike N, OnjiM (2003) Defective antigen-presenting capacityof murine dendritic cells during starvation.Nutrition 19: 265–269.20. Najera O, Gonzalez C, Toledo G, Lopez L,Cortes E, et al. (2001) CD45RA and CD45ROisoforms in infected malnourished and infectedwell-nourished children. Clin Exp Immunol126: 461–465.21. Najera O, Gonzalez C, Toledo G, LopezL, Ortiz R (2004) Flow cytometry study oflymphocyte subsets in malnourished and well-nourished children with bacterial infections.Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 577–580.22. Rodriguez L, Gonzalez C, Flores L, Jimenez-Zamudio L, Graniel J, et al. (2005) Assessmentby fl ow cytometry of cytokine productionin malnourished children. Clin Diagn LabImmunol 12: 502–507.23. Woodward B, Hillyer L, Hunt K (1999) Tcells with a quiescent phenotype (CD45RA+)are overabundant in the blood and involutedlymphoid tissues in wasting protein and energydefi ciencies. Immunology 96: 246–253.24. ten Bruggencate SJ, Hillyer LM,Woodward BD (2001) The proportion ofCD45RA(+)CD62L(+) (quiescent-phenotype)T cells within the CD8(+) subset increasesin advanced weight loss in the proteinorenergy-deficient weanling mouse. J Nutr 131:3266–3269.25. Neyestani TR, Woodward B (2005) Bloodconcentrations of Th2-type immunoglobulinsare selectively increased in weanling micesubjected to acute malnutrition. Exp Biol Med(Maywood) 230: 128–134.26. Hagel I, Lynch NR, Di Prisco MC, SanchezJ, Perez M (1995) Nutritional status and theIgE response against Ascaris lumbricoides inchildren from a tropical slum. Trans R SocTrop Med Hyg 89: 562–565.27. Hagel I, Lynch NR, Puccio F, Rodriguez O,Luzondo R, et al. (2003) Defective regulationof the protective IgE response against intestinalhelminth Ascaris lumbricoides in malnourishedchildren. J Trop Pediatr 49: 136–142.28. Ing R, Su Z, Scott ME, Koski KG (2000)Suppressed T helper 2 immunity andprolonged survival of a nematode parasite inprotein-malnourished mice. Proc Natl Acad SciU S A 97: 7078–7083.29. Singal A, Pandhi D, Agrawal SK (2005)Multifocal scrofuloderma with disseminatedtuberculosis in a severely malnourished child.Pediatr Dermatol 22: 440–443.30. Liebeschuetz S, Bamber S, Ewer K, DeeksJ, Pathan AA, et al. (2004) Diagnosis oftuberculosis in South African children with aT-cell-based assay: a prospective cohort study.Lancet 364: 2196–2203.31. Metcalfe N (2005) A study of tuberculosis,malnutrition and gender in Sri Lanka. Trans RSoc Trop Med Hyg 99: 115–119.32. Dai G, McMurray DN (1999) Effects ofmodulating TGF-beta 1 on immune responsesto mycobacterial infection in guinea pigs.Tuber Lung Dis 79: 207–214.33. Dai G, McMurray DN (1998) Altered cytokineproduction and impaired antimycobacterialimmunity in protein-malnourished guinea pigs.Infect Immun 66: 3562–3568.34. Chan J, Tian Y, Tanaka KE, Tsang MS, YuK, et al. (1996) Effects of protein caloriemalnutrition on tuberculosis in mice. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A 93: 14857–14861.35. McMurray DN, Dai G, Phalen S (1999)Mechanisms of vaccine-induced resistance in aguinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis.Tuber Lung Dis 79: 261–266.36. Matarese G, Moschos S, Mantzoros CS (2005)Leptin in immunology. J Immunol 174:3137–3142.37. Matarese G, La Cava A, Sanna V, LordGM, Lechler RI, et al. (2002) Balancingsusceptibility to infection and autoimmunity: Arole for leptin? Trends Immunol 23: 182–187.38. Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ,Bloom SR, et al. (1998) Leptin modulatesthe T-cell immune response and reversesstarvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature394: 897–901.39. Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, BloomSR, Lechler RI (2002) Leptin inhibits theanti-CD3-driven proliferation of peripheralblood T cells but enhances the production ofproinflammatory cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 72:330–338.40. Faggioni R, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C (2001)Leptin regulation of the immune response andthe immunodeficiency of malnutrition. Faseb J15: 2565–2571.41. Cakir B, Yonem A, Guler S, Odabasi E,Demirbas B, et al. (1999) Relation of leptinand tumor necrosis factor alpha to bodyweight changes in patients with pulmonarytuberculosis. Horm Res 52: 279–283.42. Schwenk A, Hodgson L, Rayner CF, GriffinGE, Macallan DC (2003) Leptin and energymetabolism in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am JClin Nutr 77: 392–398.43. van Crevel R, Karyadi E, Netea MG, VerhoefH, Nelwan RH, et al. (2002) Decreased plasmaleptin concentrations in tuberculosis patientsare associated with wasting and inflammation. JClin Endocrinol Metab 87: 758–763.44. van Lettow M, van der Meer JW, West CE,van Crevel R, Semba RD (2005) Interleukin-6 and human immunodeficiency virus load,but not plasma leptin concentration, predictanorexia and wasting in adults with pulmonarytuberculosis in Malawi. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 90: 4771–4776. May 2007 | Volume 4 | Issue 5 | e115 PLoS Medicine | www.plosmedicine.org081245. Wieland CW, Florquin S, Chan ED, Leemans JC,Weijer S, et al. (2005) Pulmonary Mycobacteriumtuberculosis infection in leptin-deficient ob/obmice. Int Immunol 17: 1399–1408.46. Monk JM, Makinen K, Shrum B, WoodwardB (2006) Blood corticosterone concentrationreaches critical illness levels early during acutemalnutrition in the weanling mouse. Exp BiolMed (Maywood) 231: 264–268.47. Jacobson L (2005) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis regulation. EndocrinolMetab Clin North Am 34: 271–292.48. Alleyne GA, Young VH (1967) Adrenocorticalfunction in children with severe protein-caloriemalnutrition. Clin Sci 33: 189–200.49. Auphan N, Didonato JA, Helmberg A, RosetteC, Karin M (1997) Immunoregulatory genesand immunosuppression by glucocorticoids.Arch Toxicol Suppl 19: 87–95.50. Van Molle W, Libert C (2005) Howglucocorticoids control their own strengthand the balance between proand anti-inflammatory mediators. Eur J Immunol 35:3396–3399.51. McCarter MD, Naama HA, Shou J, Kwi LX,Evoy DA, et al. (1998) Altered macrophageintracellular signaling induced by protein-calorie malnutrition. Cell Immunol 183:131–136.52. Redmond HP, Gallagher HJ, Shou J, Daly JM(1995) Antigen presentation in protein-energymalnutrition. Cell Immunol 163: 80–87.53. Redmond HP, Leon P, Lieberman MD,Hofmann K, Shou J, et al. (1991) Impairedmacrophage function in severe protein-energymalnutrition. Arch Surg 126: 192–196.54. Redmond HP, Shou J, Kelly CJ, Leon P, DalyJM (1991) Protein-calorie malnutrition impairshost defense against Candida albicans. J SurgRes 50: 552–559.55. Stapleton PP, Barden CB, McCarter MD,Mackrell PJ, Freeman TA, et al. (2003) Serumleptin levels in acute protein deprivation. JPENJ Parenter Enteral Nutr 27: 132–136.56. Tanaka S, Isoda F, Ishihara Y, Kimura M,Yamakawa T (2001) T lymphopaenia inrelation to body mass index and TNF-alphain human obesity: Adequate weight reductioncan be corrective. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54:347–354.57. Tanaka S, Isoda F, Kiuchi Y, Ikeda H, MobbsCV, et al. (2000) T lymphopenia in geneticallyobese-diabetic Wistar fatty rats: Effects of bodyweight reduction on T cells. Metabolism 49:1261–1266.58. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Nehlsen-CannarellaSL, Ekkens M, Utter AC, et al. (1999) Influenceof obesity on immune function. J Am DietAssoc 99: 294–299.59. Yamakawa T, Tanaka S, Yamakawa Y, Kiuchi Y,Isoda F, et al. (1995) Augmented production oftumor necrosis factor-alpha in obese mice. ClinImmunol Immunopathol 75: 51–56.60. Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Pockley AG, Wu Z,Hellewell PG, Weetman AP, et al. (2004)Leptin indirectly activates human neutrophilsvia induction of TNF-alpha. J Immunol 172:1809–1814.61. Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Pockley G, Metcalfe RA,Bidlingmaier M, Wu Z, et al. (2001) High-doseleptin activates human leukocytes via receptorexpression on monocytes. J Immunol 167:4593–4599.62. Sanchez-Margalet V, Martin-Romero C, Santos-Alvarez J, Goberna R, Najib S, et al. (2003)Role of leptin as an immunomodulator ofblood mononuclear cells: Mechanisms ofaction. Clin Exp Immunol 133: 11–19.63. Dixit VD, Schaffer EM, Pyle RS, Collins GD,Sakthivel SK, et al. (2004) Ghrelin inhibitsleptinand activation-induced proinflammatorycytokine expression by human monocytes andT cells. J Clin Invest 114: 57–66.64. Xia Q, Pang W, Pan H, Zheng Y, Kang JS, et al.(2004) Effects of ghrelin on the proliferationand secretion of splenic T lymphocytes in mice.Regul Pept 122: 173–178.65. Netea MG, Joosten LA, Lewis E, JensenDR, Voshol PJ, et al. (2006) Deficiency ofinterleukin-18 in mice leads to hyperphagia,obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med 12:650–656.66. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA,Magrini V, Mardis ER, et al. (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increasedcapacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–1131.67. Perez-Guzman C, Vargas MH (2006)Hypocholesterolemia: A major risk factorfor developing pulmonary tuberculosis? MedHypotheses 66: 1227–1230.68. Perez-Guzman C, Vargas MH, Quinonez F,Bazavilvazo N, Aguilar A (2005) A cholesterol-rich diet accelerates bacteriologic sterilizationin pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 127: 643–651.69. Joshi N, Caputo GM, Weitekamp MR,Karchmer AW (1999) Infections in patientswith diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 341:1906–1912.70. Guptan A, Shah A (2000) Tuberculosis anddiabetes: An appraisal. Ind J Tub 47: 2–8.71. United States Department of Health andHuman Services (1988) The SurgeonGeneral’s report on nutrition and health.Washington (D. C.): DHHS Publishing. pp.427–463.72. World Food Programme (2004) Hunger facts.Available: http:⁄⁄www.wfp.org/aboutwfp/facts/hunger_facts.asp. Accessed 29 March 2007.73. Blackburn GL (2001) Pasteur’s Quadrant andmalnutrition. Nature 409: 397–401.74. World Health Organization (2003) Investingin health: A summary of the findings of theCommission on Macroeconomics and Health.Available: 29 March 2007.75. The World Bank (2006) Repositioningnutrition as central to development: Astrategy for large-scale action. Available:http:⁄⁄siteresources.worldbank.org/NUTRITION/Resources/281846-1131636806329/NutritionStrategy.pdf.Accessed 29 March 2007.76. Tectonidis M (2006) Crisis in Niger—Outpatient care for severe acute malnutrition.N Engl J Med 354: 224–227. May 2007 | Volume 4 | Issue 5 | e115

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

The Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors Among Hemodialysis Patients at Al-Shifa Medical Complex in Gaza Strip, Palestine

Background and Objectives: Malnutrition is highly prevalent worldwide among hemodialysis patients and is one of the strongest predictors of morbidity and mortality.This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition and to determine the related demographic socioeconomic factors associated with malnutrition indicators among hemodialysis patients at Al-Shifa Medic...

متن کامل

Cholera, Migration, and Global Health – A Critical Review

Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The causative agent of this disease was originally described by Filippo Pacini in 1854, and afterwards further analyzed by Robert Koch in 1884. It is estimated that each year there are 1.3 million to 4 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide ...

متن کامل

Human Development and related Components with Malnutrition in Children: a Global Ecological Study

Background: It is necessary to get information on nutrition situation in children and epidemiology of the malnutrition to use for planning and health policy making, therefore this study aimed to identify the role of human development on nutrition situation in children under-five years of old worldwide.Methods: This ecological study was performed on the relation of the nutrition situation of chi...

متن کامل

The Relationship between Malnutrition and Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Preschool Children in East Area of Iran

Background Malnutrition and infections are widespread in almost all developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigating prevalence and some of the determinants of malnutrition and intestinal parasitic infections among preschool children in Shahroud, Iran. Materials and Methods At across-sectional study, the all preschool children (1,850 cases), in Shahroud city as simple census, we...

متن کامل

Relation between Malnutrition–Inflammation–Atherosclerosis (MIA complex) in Diabetic Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis

Objective: Atherosclerosis disease, inflammation and malnutrition have strong association with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most commonly ESRD causes. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) could be associated with inflammation. Type 2 diabetic patients with advanced nephropathy show the highest levels of inflammatory markers. This study was designed to determine the associa...

متن کامل

Global Burden of Malnutrition and Infection in Childhood

Malnutrition and infection play a major role in causing the preventable deaths and disabilities that occur in much of the developing world, especially among young children. Malnourished children suffer loss of precious mental capacity, fall ill more often, and grow up with lasting mental or physical disabilities. Most nations at the 1990 World Summit for Children pledged, among various goals fo...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • PLoS Medicine

دوره 4  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2007